A torispherical head, also called a toroidal head or "dish head," is a curved end cap used to seal the ends of cylindrical pressure vessels, tanks, or pipelines. It is designed to withstand internal or external pressure while providing a smooth, rounded transition between the vessel’s cylindrical body and its closed end.
Key Features:
• Shape: It combines two curved sections:
1. A crown (the main curved portion), which is a segment of a sphere with a large radius (often equal to the vessel’s inner diameter, D ).
2. A knuckle (a smaller, transitional curve), which connects the crown to the straight flange (or directly to the vessel’s cylinder). The knuckle has a smaller radius ( r ), typically 6% of the vessel’s diameter ( r = 0.06D in standard designs, per codes like ASME BPVC).
• Purpose: Its geometry balances structural strength, ease of fabrication, and space efficiency. The curved shape distributes pressure evenly, reducing stress concentrations compared to flat heads, making it suitable for moderate-pressure applications (e.g., industrial tanks, boilers, chemical reactors).
• Advantages: More compact than a full spherical head (which is stronger but bulkier) and stronger than a flat head, making it a common choice in pressure vessel design where space and cost are considerations.
In short, it’s a practical, industry-standard design that merges spherical and toroidal (doughnut-shaped) curves to seal pressure vessels effectively.
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